Decision Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision Analysis - Essay simulationThe essay refers to Case Study of Rural Health Care in the Economic Downturn by North Carolina Rural Health Research and Policy Analysis Center.Healthcare facilities have energy-intensive buildings and use more energy than other forms of buildings per square meter. Energy efficiency is critical to freeing hood trapped at heart conventional hospital infrastructure. Approaches to energy efficiency will provide clean, cheap, and abundant to Ashe Memorial Hospital in the delivery of immediate hospital savings. The hospital will improve fiscal performance through fashioning advanced decisions to energy management. Ashe Memorial Hospital should focus on achieving sustainable utility cost reductions and savings across the buildings life cycle (Borkowski & Deckard, 2013). The approach generates new currency and increased capital continuously. It is important to note that hospital investment in efficient procedures has appreciable impacts on hospital financial performance. However, there is a need to have consistency in implementing the st top executive of cost per case and cash flow.The reduced of penalties and carbon taxes grows the energy efficiency in the future while Ashe Memorial Hospital endorses the ability of full compliance with regulators and accreditation organizations in its operations. The reduced potential for preventable adverse events includes infant abductions as sound as unexpected unhurried departures for improved security of patients, staffs, and assets without extra costs (Twaddle, 2002). Lower levels of power mishap and patient injuries as well as death due to electrical fires or power failure reduces the potential for higher costs. The application of intelligent healthcare solutions provides Ashe Memorial Hospital with an opportunity of improving hospitals financial performance. Other benefits of automation include higher productivity level and overall patient satisfaction, safety, and security. In a ddition,

Intelligence and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

scholarship and Policy - Essay ExampleIndirect manipulation occurs when the insecure analysts generate watchword with the purpose of support certain decisions. Embedded assumptions occur when social norms and common strategic assumptions hamper constructive analysis. The intelligence subverts insurance policy is another type where the intelligence analysis dents policy decisions. For instance, the policy makers ignore intelligence due to their worry of corruption (George et al, 2008 pp 74-89). Finally is the intelligence parochialism whereby the analysts intentionally tailor findings for professional or personal gains. This leads to either subversion or intelligence to please which depends on the analysts personal goals.William Casey and Richard Helms both served as DCI but had different ideologies. twain had different relations between policy and intelligence that they embodied. Therefore, their contrast led to the formulation of the Casey entree and the Helms approach (Georg e et al, 2008 pp 100-102). Richard Helms had a sharp separation of his intelligence officers from policy. He believed his role was only intelligence such that when he briefed in senior policy meetings he left as soon as he was make with his briefing. The Casey approach on the other hand actively sought the status of the cabinet and he provided behaved like a cabinet minister. His approach was largely aimed at mixing policy advocacy and intelligence

Genetic and society Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Genetic and society - Article ExampleIt benefits processors and farmers because its bruise foe making it financially cost effective. The cons of innate white potato vinees are that, some researchers think that, though approved the technology is not regulated adequately as the methods used to suppress the genes are not well comprehended. some of the substances important to the crop for pest protection and nitrogen use are also being suppressed. Consumers, restaurants and fare companies have expressed health concerns by rejecting such crops for it may cause cancer. Simplot Company engineering the potato says the potato has genes such as bacteria and promises of its health benefits (Pollack, para.1-3, 9).In conclusion, the innate potato has both sparing and health effects. The approval of this potato by the national potato Council has reservations. The food industry had been advised to lessen acrylamide levels by the F.D.A by issuing a guideline on potato handling from farm to co oking. Undoubtedly, more companies have adopted this measure and do not need the genetically engineered

The HIstory of Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The HIstory of Slavery - Essay ExampleFrom this paper it is clear that its legacy continues to be a matter of dispute among scholars and the basis for contemporary debates about public policy. This is because striverry is considered the classic style of American racism, and its effects are still perceived as the roots of the problems faced by blacks in the United States. Slavery seems to be the wound that never healed that has become the moral core of the conquest story so fundamental to the identity of blacks today. It is not surprising that the bitterness generated by recollections of slavery has off a generation of black scholars and activists against the nations Founding which in turn is against identification with America itself.This study discusses thatin America, although there were many among them who shared prevailing prejudices against blacks, the abolitionist movement contained the first antiracists. Prominent abolitionists agreed that blacks were civilizationally defic ient and incapable of ruling themselves. But they agreed that black inferiority is no justification for slavery rather, it is the overlap of slavery itself. Some abolitionists propagated the idea of helping blacks to resettle in Africa, but those who recognized the implausibility of such(prenominal) schemes opined that blacks were capable of living as free people.In order to directly rebut the Southern contention that blacks were better off being ruled by a superior race, abolitionists began an inconspicuous quest for reasoning(a) blacks. who would be standing refutations of theories of intrinsic inferiority.Although the issue of diminishing manpower arose along with anti-slavery campaigns, yet at nonpareil point, some 400,000 Britons were refusing to eat slave-grown sugar. There were antislavery committees in practically every town in the British Isles. In 1792, 390,000 people signed protest petitions to Parliament on the subject. And the House of Commons unanimously voted to a bolish the slave trade. Unfortunately, The House of Lords refused, and British slave ships continued to cross the Atlantic. Nevertheless, a great movement was under way, and in the long run with the powerful help of huge slave rebellions in the West Indies, slavery came to a stop in the British Empire a full quarter century before it did in the United States. The British antislavery movement not only initiated with astounding suddenness, it pioneered virtually every major technique of political government used even to this date like consumer boycott, answer a direct mail appeal, put up a political poster, paste the logo of an environmental group on transport vehicles, or collapse a national lobbying

Sustainable Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable Marketing - Assignment physical exerciseBased on marketing regulations it is illegal to market the products different from the advertised ones (Mitsui 1997, pp. 303). Cosmetics are basically substances meant to grow the human body. Cosmetics are categorized as skin care, hair care, mouth care, coloring cosmetics and others mostly hold for feminine hygiene (Barel 2014, pp. 519).This report seeks to explore some of the most pivotal issues that come with sustainable marketing. By being able to obtain necessary requirements in the sustainable marketing of cosmetics in the beauty industry, the supplies ordain be able to effectively respond to consumer demands. The issues to be addressed in this study are the require for sustainability in beauty salons, how to overcome the identified sustainability challenges, marketing sustainability management, encouraging customers on sustainable consumption and the tactical maneuver to reach broad consumer base. Furthermore, this repo rt will also critically analyze the sustainable marketing strategies found by the provider of cosmetics in beauty salons.The limiting factor of this study lies on the author care on one area of sustainable marketing which in this case is beauty in salons inwardly the sector of cosmetics. Another complication results on regulations. Given that every government has its distinct set of regulations. This because complicates the consumer as well as the marketer assumptions on the general perspective of sustainability. The author will wherefore strive to reveal what marketers and businesses can do towards realization of sustainable marketing.In attempts to find out the exigency for sustainability we are going to find out how it relates to the beauty in salon industry. Many salon owners survey at the products they use and get discouraged right away (Jercha 2012, pp. 5). They are ever pooled back by the feeling that they can never keep

Mathew Brady (the 19th century photographer) and his influence on Term Paper

Mathew Brady (the 19th century photographer) and his influence on historical media - Term Paper ExampleHe is also considered to be one of Americas greatest photographers in his time, during the 19th century. Later on, he became and is currently known to be the father of photojournalism. natural on the eighteenth day of May in the year 1822 in Warren County in the ground of New York to an Irish immigrant family, Matthew Brady grew up, later left his Irish immigrant parents and moved to the city of New York when he was unless sixteen years of age. When he arrived in that city, he first took the profession of being a clerk in a dep cunningment store. Soon after working in this job, he shitd and made his genuinely own business industry in the making, manufacturing and creating cases for jewelry and other trinkets and charms.As a hobby and unemployed pursuit, Brady had a great interest and loved to take photographs. He firm to study photography short after. One of the teachers tha t he had was William Page. In the year 1839, Page had introduced Brady to Samuel F. B. Morse, who had been one of Pages instructors and mentors in the art of pictures and was one of the first to ever introduce photography to the United States of America. At that time, Morse just came backbone from the continent of Europe, who has just begun to start the application of photography, which was still a new process during that time.During his classes as a student of photography, his incredible and exceptional talent and skill in photography was observed and noticed. He was suitable to quickly realize and find out about his natural ability and gift in victorious daguerreotypes and photographs, mostly portraits of renowned Americans.Through Samuel Morse and William Page, he was able to become more and more fire and fascinated with the new art of photography. Because of his growing interest and love for photography and pictures, he later decided to save up his own money to have enough c apital in order to create and own his very own photography studio so that he could follow his ambition

Crisis in Darfur- Current affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crisis in Darfur- Current affairs - Es rank ExampleIn keeping with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), the itemise of peacekeepers is on the rise at Darfur. The two sides of the conflict are the Sudanese Military and the Janjaweed on genius side and some rebel groups like the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement on the other. The ethnic non-Arab land tilling groups appoints the later two parties. We have ample proof and information to say that the Sudanese government is helping the Janjaweed and the militia, especially in terms of funds. The desertification of the land by the cutting of trees, drought and problem of excess population have in fact made the problem intense and is atomic number 53 of the factors responsible for the conflict. The nomads, in order to feed their cattle are taking them towards the southern region work by the farming groups of Black the Statesns.The government of Sudan has been involved in the war but has been curbing the figures of oddment as well as evidence. However according to the US Holocaust Museum, the figures exceed 1 lakh. around 2.5 millions have been displaced due to the war. These are not mere figures but human lives We have therefore termed this as the genocide although the United Nations does not agree with the term.In the year 2007, the Sudanese government was accused by UN for participatign in the genocide and the gross violations in Darfur. The President of Sudan has been charged by three accusations of genocide, five accusations of crimes against kindness and two cases of murder by the International Criminal Court. Because eof ethnicity the president is accused to have planned the devastation of three tribal groups in Darfur. This is one of the reasons why Sudan looks upon the UN forces and the peacekeepers as foreign invaders. The blame is on America for following this interventionist policy with respect to the foreign nations. (Walker and

Teaching paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teaching - Research Paper ExampleIt uses discussion and courtship method to illustrate the effects and solution to seek management disorder in the young adults with more try being on high school and college students.The major occurs of the interrogation lies on its goals towards student wellness enhancement. In this case, the pedagogics plan friends students to understand the forms of stress, causes of stress in young adults, characteristics of despairing episodes used for the forecast of dejection, gender analysis and contribution to the prognosis of stress management disorder, amount of anger that relates to the prognosis of economic crisis as well as ways of countering stress problems among students in various institutions (Kottler & Chen, 2012). The goals of the teaching plan research aim at solving the development of stress management disorder in schools which is highly related to to drug addiction among young people, transition to self dependence, relationship issues as well as trial related stress. Young adults are prone to stress disorders due to the high level of adrenaline variance as a result of the adolescent stage. The objective of the teaching plan is to provide assessment of stress management in young adults. This objective helps learners to understand the primary causes of stress management disorder and its impending effects to health thus achieving one of the learning goals of creating awareness. The teaching plan also aims at creating programs that help students deal with stress management issues as it targets an essential and vulnerable group in the human growth process. Due to this notion, the document helps to achieve the learning goal of problem solving through use of education. The teaching plan also achieves the objective of enhancing learning through the provision of knowledge.There are many theories regarding stress disorder that provide a deep understanding to the concept behind the relation of stress

Health Research Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

wellness Research Methodology - Essay ExampleI note that the University reserves the right to check my as attributeing for plagiarism. Should the reproduction of all or part of an assignment be required by the University for any map other than those mentioned above, appropriate authorisation will be sought from me on the relevant form. OFFICE occasion ONLY If handing in an assignment in a paper or other physical form, sign here to indicate that you have read this form, filled it in completely and that you certify as above. tinge XINTONG?HAN Date 28/04/2011 OR, if submitting this paper electronically as per instructions for the unit, place an X in the cuff below to indicate that you have read this form and filled it in completely and that you certify as above. Please include this page in/with your submission. Any electronic responses to this submission will be displace to your ECU email address. Agreement XINTONG?HAN Date 28/04/2011 PROCEDURES AND PENALTIES ON LATE ASSIGNMENTS ( University Rule 39) ? A student who wishes to prorogue the submission of an assignment must apply to the lecturer in charge of the relevant unit or course for an extension of the time within which to submit the assignment. (39.1) ? Where an extension is sought for the submission of an assignment the diligence must bein writing - preferably before the due date and set out the grounds on which deferral is sought.( see39.2) ? Assignments submitted after the normal or extended date without approval shall incur a penalization of loss of marks. (see 39.5) ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT (University Rule 40) All forms of cheating, plagiarism or collusion are regarded ill and could result in penalties including loss of marks, exclusion from the unit or cancellation of enrolment. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ASSIGNMENT RECEIPT To be end by the student if the receipt is required UNIT shout OF STUDENT STUDENT ID. NO. NAME OF LECTURER RECEIVED BY Topic of assignment DATE RECEIVED The Effects of Parents and Childhood fleshiness Introduction With the development of the economy, the number of overweight and obesity children are increasing dramatically in legion(predicate) countries (Schmidt, p. 3, 2008), and this is becoming an important health issue of children (Schmidt, p. 3, 2008). In the past ten years, the number of overweight and weighty children has actually tripled, especially in developed countries (Lobstein & Rrelu, 2003, p. 195). In Australia, twenty percent of children are overweight (Wake et al., 2007, p.1044). community data shows the amount of overweight children increased dramatically, and that this increase has even been seen among four-year old children (Vaska, 2004, p.353). The above concerns are large concerns because childhood obesity can lead to many diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure. It is a disease which is linked with various activities including increased screen time, lack of enough physical activities, and the increase in fast food consumption. Parents have a crucial role in the childhood obesity phenomenon. aft(prenominal) all, they supply children with food resource and

Corporate Governance- Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Corpo send Governance- Proposal - Dissertation ExampleThe warmness objective of corporeal governance is to prevent the negative impact of the unethical business practises on association. The prehistoric experience of the incorporated governance failure has offered enough evidences for negative impact of society due to corporate failure. On the opposite hand, the theories of society and business relations explain that every business owes to society and hence, its major priority is to meet the social responsibilities by not practising any unethical business activities (Eweje, 2004, p.16). However, with the passage of time, the rate of corporate governance failure has increased significantly due to multiple corporate scandals. On the other hand, at present, the relationship between the business and society has become more important and it has been evolving constantly. Therefore, the responsibilities of business towards its society have also become more significant. In this respec t, management of stakeholders and business ethics are deuce most necessary criterions. Both of these two aspects are generally addressed in the tag of the corporate governance that strives to meet the overall responsibilities of society (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2008, p.24). Considering the prevailing importance of corporate governance for the social and scotch benefits, many developed countries and world organisations like OECD have developed certain common and desirable code in corporate governance. Other developing countries and emerging nations usually follow these codes of corporate by reservation certain adjustment found on their own culture, belief and business policies. For example, in Islamic countries (mainly in Middle East region), the entire financial market is based on Islamic religious rightfulness known as Sharia. However, the role of corporate governance is to control and guide the companies for practising and conducting the ethical business (Swanson and Fisher, 2 011, p.275). 1.2. Saudi-Arabian Regulations of Corporate Governance The growing importance of the pileus markets and other financial markets raise the necessity of a matured corporate governance system so that investors trust can be maintained. Hence, the Saudi Arabian Government strived develop a standard set of corporate governance codes in accordance to the accord of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In February 2009, the World Bank (WB) released its Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) region Assessment on Corporate Governance in Saudi Arabia (eStandardsForum, 2010). Saudi Corporate Governance is based on six principle including Ensuring the Basis for an Effective Corporate Governance The Rights of Shareholders and Key Ownership unravel The Equitable Treatment of Shareholders The Role of Stakeholders in Corporate Governance Disclosure and Transparency and The Responsibilities of the table (eStandardsForum, 2010). The Board of Cap ital Market Authority has framed specific laws for corporate governance based on the capital market authority. The laws for corporat

OP-EDs position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

OP-EDs prepare - Essay ExampleI agree with OP-EDs position that the major factor that influences delinquency is beggary because social disorganization theory suggests that poverty is an important ecological characteristic that can decrease incarnate efficacy and informal social cover. Social disorganization theory supports that communities with luxuriously poverty rates endure to have high crime rates because poverty decreases informal social control that is important to natural elevation children who can stay away from crimes and finish college. Shelden shows the relationship between poverty and single-parent households where these households tend to have high delinquency rates because of low informal social control due to lack of good anthropoid role models (i.e. families without fathers) and poor supervision from single mothers who are both breadwinners and caregivers. Weak informal social control can produce low collective efficacy that reduces the ability of families to prevent the spread of criminological socialization in their neighborhoods. Poverty can reinforce poor social cohesion which susceptibility affect the reading and reinforcement of criminal behaviors. Aside from social disorganization theory, conflict theory argues that capitalism breeds crime by perpetuating poverty among the lower-classes of society. This theory asserts that capitalism is an unjust economic system that produces poverty which creates crime. Shelden provides statistics that blacks suffer from poverty the most, and if many blacks conduct crime, their poverty can be one of the strong predictors of their crimes. Conflict theory argues that the poor might become criminals because they want to struggle against an oppressive system. Poverty can result to delinquency because colored callowness from low-income families violate the norms and expectations of the upper class. I am not saying that poverty rationalizes criminality, but it can violation delinquency if it cont ributes to decreases in informal social control and collective efficacy and if the youth feel the burdensomeness that comes from their class and race/ethnicity and want to fight their oppression through engaging in delinquency.

UK Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Employment Law - Essay ExampleUnder UK commerce righteousnesss , an employee is one who is functional down the stairs(a) a contract of employment and the contract may be in writing, or it may be implicit subject to terms and conditions mentioned nether the employment contract . Before the enactment of the Industrial dealing Act 1971 and the Employment Protection (consolidation) Act 1978, an employer had unlimited rights to dismiss an employee for any reason or for no reason with few exceptions . However , scenarios have changed a lot after introduction of the abovementioned legislations. Now, if an employer has terminated an employment contract of an employee either below unfair expiration or under wrongful dismissal, an employee can try out relief under any of the following processes a claim can be do under common law for wrongful dismissal , or a claim can be made under duration (Employment Rights Act) 1996 for unfair dismissal or a claim can be mader under Pt XI for redundancy or Pt II under ERA,1996 .Though , under UK law , an employer is licitly entitled to dismiss an employee whenever he wishes and for whatever reasons, provided that he gives due notice in this study but this right has to be used judiciously and without ulterior intention . If an employer has not conducted an intenral enquiry or not followed correct disciplinary procedures , then , an affected employee may approach the employment tribunal or courts in UK against his unfair or wrongful dismissal. If a person is dismissed unfairly due to his board on the allegation that he is very slow in his work, then, an affected employee may seek shelter under s 4 of Equalities Act 2010. Any unfair dismissal due to direct dissimilitude by an employer will be held illegal under section 13 of the Equalities Act 2010.... o confront incapability of the employee ,i.e., not able to perform the duty as anticipated under section 98(2) (a) of the ERA or if there is a misconduct on the part of the employee i.e., like declining to accomplish lawful commands of the employer or availing unauthorised leave without prior permission from the employer under section 98(2) (b) of the ERA or if the employer is able to raise that dismissal is due to redundancy under section 98(2) (c) of the ERA or if there is a statutory illegality under section 98(2) (a) of the ERA or on some other substantial reason under section 98(1) (B) of the ERA5 If a person is dismissed unfairly due to his age on the allegation that he is very slow in his work, then, an affected employee may seek protection under s 4 of Equalities Act 2010. Any unfair dismissal due to direct discrimination by an employer will be held illegal under section 13 of the Equalities Act 2010. Instances of direct discrimination include unfair dismissal on the basis of the religion (being a Muslim, unfit to work in a bar), gender (being a woman not fit to work for certain types of jobs), and dismissal of an employee due to his ol d age. The following ar the illustrations of unfair dismissal of an employee by an employer. Dismissing an employee as he asked for flexible working time declining to acknowledge the working time rights by an employee and insisting to avail rest breaks dismissing an employee for his involvement in the trade union action at law making an employee to resign by move outering the exact notice period dimissing an employee for his participation in legal industrial action for more than three months or less for providing jury service , requesting time off by an employee dismissing an employee for availing adoption leave ,

Will economic reform along with political repression succeed result in Research Paper

Will economic reform along with governmental repression succeed will in the Democratization of china - Research Paper ExampleAccording to Rummel, democracy can be chance upond by regular election through each particular vote counts, thus leaders atomic number 18 chosen to represent the people and policies that governors ar chosen. The right for every citizen to vote is a second way of democracy, and the third is the right for any citizen with the required qualification to vie for the highest office and the right to form political parties in a country. Rummel (Para. 5) further notes that, democratization means that a people regulate themselves through bimestrial elections of the highest leaders in which nearly all adults can participate for which offices they are eligible and under the rule of law. In addition, democracy is roundtimes associated with conditions such as the exemption of the media in criticizing the government, its leaders and the policies implemented. Secondly , there is the freedom of more than one political fellowship to competing for power in a country. The third is that the most democratic and elected leader is the head of government. In addition, according to Hauss (Para. 6), democracy is important since it yields to peace in a country. Hence, there is stable peace in democracies as a result of tolerance, trust, cooperation, and reconciliation within a country especially when conflicts a heighten. The author adds that, just as democratization is important when achieved, it is also difficult to achieve it. The ethnic tensions that result to conflicting issues may create mistrust and intolerance that will yield to inadequacy of cooperation. However, democracy should be effective for results to be evident. China and democracy According to Harding (Para. 3), the Chinese communist party (CCP), had shown signs of embarking on democracy reforms since some leaders of the party had endorsed some issues of democracy, thus masking signs of g radual rise of democracy. However, the Chinese communist party did not choose democratization as one of its strategies in the sweetener of stability in the political system. Therefore, direct elections are still limited to the lowest level and nominations are normally controlled by the party. In China, the freedom of non-governmental organizations is limited. In addition, the press in China is usually curb to some information and so is the internet, thus indicating lack of freedom of the media, which is usually a priority in a democratic nation. The Chinese communist party has only been enhancing more forms of authoritarianism, thus evidently showing that the leaders of this party fear that pluralism may be a risky move in term of political power and in the continuation of foreign policies, which, ironically, are viewed as of low value by the citizens. In addition, the middle class, which lead to the economic development, was said to be a driver in the furtherance of democracy. H owever, the middle class usually demand for a voice in politics and in China, this chemical group has been rewarded with high salaries, a political voice, and it is represented in the Chinese communist party. These stand been the strategies used by the communist party to keep the middle class opposition low. Since the middle class members seem to devour an stake in democracy, the country has to attend to their demands both politically and economically, so that they may loose their interest for democratization. The Chinas middle class believe that the low levels of education and poverty in some part of the country would yield to unworthiness of democracy. Nevertheless, Harding (Para. 9) further argues that, in china for the past years it would have been easier to implement democratic mechanisms by abolishing the property

Project Team Building Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Team Building Strategies - Assignment ExampleA project ag free radical is a assemblage of people that comprised of a manageable number of people. The people flip complementary skills, share a common goal, purpose and a working approach (Petrick, 2002). The selection of the project aggroup members can be from within or from outside an organization as situations may demand. Team members selected from within an organization have the advantage of knowing the other team members. This will help in molding a unified project team. The team members will also be familiar with the policies, work culture and work use of the organization. Project team members sourced from outside an organization lack familiarity with the organization culture. However, it is necessary for an organization to recruit team members from outside if the project requires certain skills, which are not available among the existing members of an organization (Nagarajan, 2005). Project team members are selected from the coordination between the project manager and the functional management. Team building refers to assisting a group of individuals. This group is bound by a common purpose. The members of the group work interdependently. The members include the leader, external stakeholders and the organization in general. Team building can also be perceived as the process of influencing members of a group to work together effectively for better results from a project. There are six strategies that leading organizations come so as to create outstanding performance among its team members. These strategies are the formation of the project team early, having a strong matrix organization structure, consensus on goals, sharing of work, and collocation of a team and lastly, the recognize of the project team members to motivate them (Levin, 2010).

What Does Conflict Mean Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

What Does Conflict Mean - Research Paper ExampleThe type is based on the section of Mass Communication in Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Management (which is the surgical incisional head) should be wary of infringe and try to avoid them or resolve them as early and quickly as possible as their dire consequences are something that may cause not only physical change but emotional ones and above all financial damages to the department crippling it. One of the most common causes of conflict is poor communication. This is particularly so between the management and the employees or students. If the important departmental information is wrongly passed around or misinterpreted, then tensions are bound to rise in spite of appearance the department which if not quelled down quickly escalate into full-blown conflict. Poor communication caused by line channels is usually misquoted or embellished with wrong details and is bound to cause unnecessary and avoidable conflict and he nce are quick to correct and resolve. The other cause is competition over resources within the department. This is especially the case if the organization is organized into groups and they have to share the resources. The resources, in this case, may include departmental assets such(prenominal) as cars, students accounts or even financial grants. Competition may also be over the financial resources especially salaries and benefits. This type of conflict leads to enormity, destruction of property and may even cause parties to leave the department and seek more peaceful service elsewhere. Lack of following the norms set in place by a team or management is also another cause of conflict within the department. distributively team has its own established norm such as time management and allocation of duties within the team members. If any member goes against these norms, it is bound to cause conflict.

Term Paper on Forest Resource Management in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Term Paper on wood priming coat trim back Resource Management in Bangladesh EssayIntroduction woodwind instruments argon a genuinely important source of indispensable resources alike(p) wood, bamboo, thatching signifi backt etc. It similarly has a great influence on the purlieu like climate, water availability, do main erosion, flood and nutrient turn everywhere. It is alike the last portion of the worlds fauna and flora. Wood which is the main woodwind instrument produce has been used from the very early days of human civilization. Even though stand in has been found for most natural materials wood remains irreplaceable in most of its uses. Wood is the study(ip) readying fuel for vast major(ip)ity of the worlds creation it provides the raw material for pulp, report card and cellulose mean industries and is b land a major component in the building industry.Wood is playing as important a role in human lives today as it did in the ancient successions. It is sti ll vit entirely(a)y necessary in the lives of peck, particularly in the developing countries. With the increase in the population of the world, the constrict on land increased very greatly. This together with the requirement of shadeland for an increasing world population has resulted in large scale destruction of lumber. jibe to Porte (1989) 33 one zillion meg acres of tropical timberlands argon cleared every division.The situation in Bangladesh is non any better than different developing countries. In fact because of its sm totally land base and very large population, the situation here is more uneasy than most opposite countries. The population of the domain more than twain and a half fold in the last four decades, while during the comparable period of term there has not been any accompaniment to the existing fictitious characters except for the establishment of slightly 250,000 acres of grove in the newly accreted coastal consume land.Even though on r ecord just almost 6.1 million acres of timbre exists in Bangladesh, in reality, little than half of that can be considered as productive. This has been the result of over victimization of guides resources for meeting the indigence of population which is much larger than what our tone can sustainment.A portion of the forest has also been mixed-up to jhuming and encroachment. This has resultant in diminished supply situation causing a steadily widening breaking in the midst of demand and supply of wood. woodwinds in BangladeshBangladesh has 2.60 million ha of forest land which is ab dis secrecy 17.62% of the land area of the land. Of the forest land, forest section manages 10.37% (1.53 million ha) while the rest of the area is managed by either deputy commissioners of three hill districts (unclassed state forests) or privately manage (rubber and tea garden and fond forestry grove) though forest land is about 18%. However, actual tree covered area is wholly 8.6% (hi ll forest 2.7%, littoral 3.3%, Sal forest 0.8% an colony forest 1.8%). The forest area of Bangladesh is presented in table 1. set situation in BangladeshBangladesh has lost over 50% of its forest resource over the period of about 25years. According to forests well(p)s, we should piss at least 25% of our total land area covered with trees, or forests to enjoy the benefit of nature. besides a total of 769,000 hectares or 6% of the countries land mass pick up actual tree cover (from forestry master plan surveys by multi-lateral donor agencies). At approximately 0.02 ha per person of forest, Bangladesh currently has one of the lowest per capita forest ratio in the world.In Bangladesh, government own forest area covers 2.19 million ha with the remaining 0.27 million ha being privately controlled homestead forests. Of the government possess forest land, 1.49 million ha are national forests chthonian the control of the department of Forest, with the rest being at a lower place control of topical anaesthetic governments. Of the state owned forests, over 90% is pure in 12 districts in the Eastern and South-Western region of the country. However, collectible to over exploitation these forests have effect seriously degraded.Major Causes for depletion of forestAn store shows that there has been overall depletion in forest resources in all major state owned forest. The growing germinate in Sundarban has been gloomy from 20.3 million cubic meters in 1960 to 10.9 million cubic meters in 1998. In the knoll forest of hill districts, the growing stock has depleted from 23.8 million cubic meters in 1964 to less then 20.7 million cubic meters in l998. Over-cutting by timber merchants, increased consumption linked to population growth, shifting cultivation, encroachment, il well-grounded felling and land clearing for agriculture, lack of democratic guidance have been the principal causes of deforestation and shrinking of forest land in the country.Status of the resources baseBecause of heavier exploitation than a desirable level, there has been an overall depletion in forest resources in all the major forests. The growing stock in Sundarbans has depleted from 717 million cu. ft. in 1960 (forestral) to 375.7 million cubic feet in 1984 (Chaffey, et.al.). This is rough 48% depletion of tree resources in Sundarbans over 25 years. Similarly, in the reserved forest of Chittagong Hill Tracts the growing stock has depleted from 840 million cubic feet in 1964-65 (Forestral) to less than 700 million cubic feet in 1985. According to De Milde, et.al. (1985) there has been 61% depletion in growing stock in Ranglheong Reserve forests in the Hill Tracts between 1963 and 1983.Similarly the growing stock in the unclassed state forest has dwindled from 121 million cubic feet in 1964 (forests) to less than 50 million cubic feet at present. There has not been any stock taking of village resources after 1981. However, it is generally believed that over ex ploitation has caused substantial depletion of village tree resources. Flood has also caused a major destruction of village tree resources.ConsumptionAccording to the latest assessment, the per capita consumption of fuel wood and timber in 2.3 and 0.38 cubic feet respectively (Byron et. al. 1983). Based on this assessment, the consumption of fuel wood and timber during the current year is about 246.0 million cubic feet respectively. The b path usages of fuel wood are cookery fuel (Approx. 69%) brick burning (23% approx) and industrial fuel and raw material (Approx 8%).However, the above data does not provide an overall picture of the energy consumption in the country. Cooking fuel constitutes solo about 70% biomass fuel consumption in the country and fuel wood constitutes altogether about 20% of all biomass fuel utilized as cooking fuel. Agriculture residue and cow goo constitute about 60% and 20% respectively of the biomass fuel consumption in the country.According to on tap(p redicate) information (BAPP report, 1985 Islam, 1986) about 38% of roughly 61 million metric tons of agricultural residues and 34% of 22 million tons of cow dung are used annually as cooking fuel. Agricultural residue and cow-dung can be used more profitably as animal hightail it and organic fertilizer. The result of use of these two commodities as cooking fuel has far reaching deductive reasoning which are not engrossed just loss of animal feed and nutrients.Forest management in BangladeshIn Bangladesh management of government forest is the business of the Forest Department under the Ministry of Environment and Forest. In this fulfill the department is managing, comforting, developing the forest resources, forest land and also collecting the revenues. People have never been consulted nor mired in forestry activities. From the management point of view, forest of Bangladesh is being divided into three categories such(prenominal) as State owned forest under the administrative control of Forest Department. State owned forest under the administrative control of Ministry of Land by means of and through and through District administration. Private village forest managed by private individuals.Type of forestThe natural forests of the country are classified into three categories 1) tropical evergreen/ semi-evergreen forest in the eastern districts of Sylhet, Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, and Coxs Bazaar 2) Moist/dry deciduous forest also k directn as Sal forests in the central and the northwest region and 3) Tidal mangrove forest along the coast, known as the sundarban, the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world. These forests are official reserves and placed under the jurisdiction of the Forest Department. Unfortunately, recent inventories indicate a continuing depletion of all major forests.Forest under Forest Department control and management again divided into three major types, Hill Forests stark land Forests and Mangrove Forests.Hill Forests The tropical evergreen/semi evergreen forest cover as approximately 1.32 million ha of which 0.67 million ha is controlled by the forest department and rest is under the control of hill district council. Clear felling followed by re place with suitable species (both long and short rotation) is the method of management in hill forest. Because of increased demand for timber and fuel wood and prevailing socio-economic condition of the country this forest has greatly affected and rate of denudation is considerably high. The forest department is mainly absorbed in raising of hotshot species woodlet. Inventory shows that most of these plantations would not give the desirable output.This course of study suffers from skilful, complaisant and administrative soundness. Another problem is most of the hill forest are subjected to shifting cultivation by the hill tribes. The tribes are entitled to shifting cultivation in forest land under administrative control of district administration wh ich has resulted in the total destruction of this tropical evergreen forest. The growing stock has depleted from 23.8 million cubic meters in 1964 to less than 20.7 million cubic meters in 1998.In the Chittagong Hill Tracts, substantial loss of forest resources is attributed to commercial-grade exploitation of immature trees for sale in the black mart in collusion with an unscrupulous section of the forest department the great unwashed, said about sources that who preferred not to be identified. Commercial use of forest land for mono-culture of rubber and fuel wood also remaining negative impact on the countrys forestry resources.Mangrove Forests The single largest chunk of productive forest in the country is located in the intertidal zone in the south western districts of Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira. It has a type of tree formation which grows on swampy land in undated daily by tidal water-which is known as a mangrove forest. This forests, otherwise known as the Sundarbans wit h an area of 1.46 million acres in the single largest source of timber and fuel wood in the country. It is also the single largest productive mangrove forest in the world.Sundarban forests are being managed by selection felling method followed by natural regeneration. Beside Sundarbans, plantations are being raised with mangrove species in the newly accreted char land all along the Coast of the Bay of Bengal. Sundarban forest is an official reserve forest unfortunately recent inventory shows a continuous depletion due to over-cutting, illegal felling. It is estimated that in less then 25 years, the volume of commercial species Sundari, Gewa, has declined by 40 to 50% respectively.A new form of encroachment of forest is the clearing of trees for pewee culture in the coastal areas, especially in Satkhira and Coxs Bazaar. According to the department of environment (DOE), Chokoria and some other parts of the Coxs Bazar area, have been completely destroyed in the last 13 years. Shrimp c ulture having devoured most of the forest land there. bluff land Forests Plain land forests covering 0.30 million acres are located in greater district of Dhaka, Tangail, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Rangpur, Dinajpur and Rajshahi. These forests are also known as Sal forests, because Sal is the predominant species. Silvicultural system applied for Sal forest was coppice with standard system. In this system matured trees were felled and the areas were protected for coppice regeneration. The typical nature of Sal forest is that this forest is scattered. In the forest areas there are agricultural lands owned by the adjacent tribe.Frequently these land owners are extending their lands and march on to forest and in the process they are destroying the forest and afterward converting the area to agricultural land. In this process forest lands are being marginalized day by day. FAO estimated that only 36% of the Sal forest cover remained in 1985 more recent estimates that only 10% of the forest cover remains due to over exploitation and illicit felling through there is an official base on logging since 1972. Most of the Sal forests are now substantially degraded and execrablely stocked.Forest management approaches in BangladeshSince 1960 two major approaches regarding the role of forestry in phylogenesis have been reflected in the forestry sphere of Bangladesh. In the 1960s, Bangladesh as a part of Pakistan and then as an independent nation has followed An Industrialization Approach consonant with the international conventional wisdom at that duration. As a result, Department of Forest raised large-scale Industrial plantation which were seen as conversion of low-yielding natural forest into artificial plantation of species (mostly teak) of great economic importance.This conversion of semi-evergreen and evergreen forest into deciduous teak plantation was largely concentrated in hill forest areas. During the plantation raising local passel were not consulted and often t hey did not drive any benefits from these plantations. The lack of support by the local people/ communities in combination with lack of silvicultural knowledge and lack of proper alimentation contributed to raise low quality plantations and these plantations were also lost due to illegal felling. Forest Department was considered as revenue earning department. The main activities of Forest Department were concentrated in ex packageion of trees from the forest and replanting of those felled areas where applicable, Forest Department has not considered the people and their fight in managing forest of the country.In the 1980s following a change in thinking about the role of forestry in education, and peoples participation in forestry activity was advance. People participation with the forestry sector realized the contain of people oriented forestry curriculum to replenish the degraded forest resources of the country. Accordingly, in 1994 government formulated a forest policy repla cing earlier one enunciated in 1979 with a due emphasis to the need for peoples participation in forest management. democratic forest management approach in Bangladesh(a). Past activitiesForest extension activities were formally launched in the country in the year of 1964 with the establishment of two forest extension divisions at Dhaka and Rajshahi and later two divisions at Comilla and Jessore. It was really a very small course of instruction and the activities were confined only to establish nursery in the districts headquarter and raised seedling and sell the same to individuals and organizations. The location of this programme was so urbanized and limited that it only partially served the ask of the effluent township dwellers only.(b). Betagi- pomora comunity forestry projectThe first friendship forestry programme in the country, started at Betagi and Pomora mouza under the district of Chittagong in the year of 1979 with the personal initiative of Prof. A. Alim, renowned fo rester and Prof. Dr.Mohammed Yunus, founder of Gramen Bank. Initially the project covered 160 ha of brass denuded hilly land at Betagi and with 83 landless participants from adjacent community and subsequently extend over another 205 ha of Government owned denuded hilly land at Pomora with another batch of 243 landless (families) participants.Under this programme each landless participant was provided with 1.62 ha of land for growing tree and horticultural crops with practiced and financial assistance from the Forest Department. This community programme has inclined the landless an identity of their own and a sense of direction in life. But this model has not been replicated in the other areas due to lack of initiative of the Forest Department as well as the Government.(c). Rehabilitation of Jhumia families (shifting cultivator families) Another project was undertaken by the Forest Department in the Hill tract areas to establish plantation through rehabilitation of Jhumia familie s in 1980. Main objectives of the programme were,I. To rehabilitate tribal families in the Unclassed State Forest (USF) lands along with rehabilitation of denuded USP land II. To introduce a sustainable agro forestry ware system III. To improve the socio-economic condition of the tribal people and IV. To motivate tribal people in ontogenesis of forestry.Under this programme each family was allocated 2.02 ha of USF land for growing agricultural crops (over 1.20 ha), raising plantation (0.80 ha) and for menage construction (0.20 ha). The rehabilitated families were given land use rights and were allowed to enjoy 100% benefits accrued to those lands. The participants were given input support for growing agriculture, horticulture and forestry crops and cash support for house construction. This programme continues for quite a long period of time but could not sustain mainly because of nomadic character of the tribal concourses.Another reason of misery was that the families were rehabi litated in clustered villages without considering their cultural and religious values. Thus in most of the cases, it was found that the families have left hand the area. A parallel programme was also initiated by the Chittagong Hill Tract ontogenesis Board in which Forest Department was prudent for implementation of afforestation component where Chittagong Hill Tract Development Board was responsible for the rehabilitation component. This program was also not found so much antiphonary to hilly people except for some plantation establishment.(d). Development of community forests projectThe activities of the first phase of this project began in 1981 and were completed in 1987 in seven greater districts of the North-Western zone of the country. The main components of the project were Strip plantations along roads and highways, railways, canal sides, district and Union Parishad roads, totaling about 4,000 km. Fuel wood plantation on 4800 ha of depleted Government land on democratic concept. Agroforestry demonstration farms over 120 ha also with participatory concept. Replenishment of depleted homestead wood lots in 4,650 villages. Training of Forest Department Personnel and Village leaders.(e). Development of forest extension services (l980-l987)Development of Forest Extension serve (Phase II) began in 1980 with the Government funding and subsequently amalgamated in some areas (i.e. North-North West district) with Asian Development Bank funded Community Forestry Project. The main activities under this programme were afforestation in some 3100 villages. roadside tree planting along 3600 km of primary highways and roads and about 600 km of Union Parishad roads. Production of 49 million seedlings for distribution.(f). Thana afforestation and nursery development projectThis project is a follow-up of Development of Community Forestry Project and Forest Extension Project and has been tropeed primarily to o Increase the work of biomass fuels and o Enhance th e institutional capability of FD and local administration in implementing a self-sustaining nationwide social forestry programme. In value to increase the production of biomass fuel and to arrest the depletion of tree resources, the project envisaged to develop tree resources base through planting of depleted Sal forest as well as brining all suitable and available land in the rural areas under tree cover with active participation of the rural poor of the neck of the woods. in the beginning the project was to be implemented by the Forest Department and former Thana Parishad during the period of 1987 to 1994. But in 1992 Government decided that the all project activities were to be implemented by Forest department alone.The major components of the project were 1. Establishment of plantation over 20,225 ha depleted Sal forest areas. 2. Development of agroforestry over 4,200 ha in the Sal forest lands. 3. Raising trip plantation on 17,272 km along Road and highway, Railways, Embankm ent and affluent Roads. 4. Raising l, 282 ha plantation in the land outside the BWDB. 5. Planting 7.017 million seedlings at the set forth of different education, religious and social institutions 6. Establishment of 345 nurseries at Thana headquarters.7. Raising of l0.6l8 million seedlings for distribution to public. 8. Training of some 76,000 people of different levels.Here this may be mentioned that at the last stage of the project implementation, the Government has found that this was quite impossible to protect the strip plantation and also impossible to trained 76,000 people by the Forest Department alone.The Government invited nongovernmental organizations to participate in this programme for successful implementation. PROSHIKA, POUSH, GRAMMEN BANK and other nongovernmental organizations came forward to help the Government for successful completion of the project NGOs employed their group members to protect the strip plantation and ADAB came forward to train people at diffe rent levels with the help of its member organizations. The above plantation activities were carried out with the direct participation of the local people with the help of the NGOs by executing benefit share-out agreement.(g). Coastal greenbelt projectAnother project financed by Asian Development Bank is under implementation in the Coastal region of Bangladesh. The main objective of the project is to create a vegetational belt all along the coast to save the lives and properties of the people living in the coastal areas from devastated cyclone and tidal surges which occur very frequently in those areas. All of the activities of this project are also being carried out following participatory approach. In this project also the participants have been selected among the poor people living in the adjacent areas by involving NGO and a pre-designed benefit share agreements also being executed with the participants to protect their rights over plantations and to ensure benefit expected to be received out of the plantation.(H). Agroforestry research project master copy Agroforestry Research and Demonstration was implemented by the FD in the Sal forest areas. The project had been developed precisely to design/develop agroforestry modules which is environmentally feasible, socio-economically acceptable enhance tree and crop production at the same time to uplift the socio-economic condition of the participants. The project aimed at using 120 ha of encroached Sal Forest land of Dhaka, Mymenshing and Tangail Forest Division to develop suitable participatory plantation models.(i). Food help social forestry programmeThe cosmos Food Programme assisted the Government to develop Social Forestry as a national programme and the Government incorporated WFP assisted social forestry programme in its annual development plan from 1998. need alleviation, economic rehabilitation of rural poor especially the destitute women of the society by engaging them in forestry activities, socia l uplift of rural poor and environmental improvement are the main objectives of this project.Historically this programme was conceived in the country since 1989 on pilot basis allocating in kind resources (Wheat) to a limited moment of NGOs for raising strip plantation along roads, embankments, Highways etc. in rural areas following the participatory mechanism. In implementing this programme FD was involved later on to provide technical guidance to the NGOs and other GOB agencies. At present probably this is the largest democratic Forestry Programme in Bangladesh.From l990, 100 NGOs are involved in this programme and at present about 60 NGOs are continuing with the programme. Commencing from 1990 up to 1998 about 31 million trees were implanted involving 0.062 million people directly and 0.62 million people indirectly. The programme has created employment to the tune of 68 million man days. This programme is being implemented by the NGOs through contractual benefit sharing among participating poor men women 60%, NGOs 10%, the rest land owners.NGO participation in the forest managementIn Bangladesh the history of NGO involvement in the field of development is not very old. After liberation, NGO started their activities through relief and rehabilitation of the war victims. During mid-seventies, NGO switched over to the socio-economic development of the rural poor, and at present there are thousands of NGOs most of whose mandate is to organize rural poor and provide awareness, education, skill training and various support services including credit to enhance participation of landless poor in the development process towards self-reliance.On the basis of the networking throughout the country the NGO can be classified into two levelsI) local andII) National.At present more then 100 NGOs both local and National are implementing social forestry programme in Bangladesh. It is not possible to enlist activities of all the NGOs involved in the Social forestry programm e in the country. The participatory forestry activities of some of the NGOs are highlighted here who are playing pioneer role in this field.BRAC The Bangladesh countrified Advancement Committee (BRAC) has been established in 1972 and this is the largest NGO in Bangladesh. BRAC has six categories of projects/ programmes in broad sense among which Social Forestry falls within rural development programme. The Social/ Participatory forestry has three components1. Nursery establishment2. Plantation and3. Establishment of agroforestry.They claim that they have assisted their women members in raising more then 225 homestead nurseries and 100 large nurseries with a combined production susceptibility of a million seedlings of fruits and forest seedlings. They have established 200 mulberry nurseries with the production capacity of 2 million seedlings.Social afforestation programme of BRAC is WFP assisted which has been commenced from 1989 and till now it is going on. Most of the plantation under this programme has been established along the strips. Up to this time about 33.72 million seedlings have been planted over an area of 33,700 km strips along road, railway and embankment. This programme involves about 670,000 participants of which 80% are women.PROSHIKA Proshika A center for human development is one of the largest NGO in Bangladesh. The Social Forestry Programme of Proshika is a authoritative intervention effort to enhance afforestation in the country and to vex a case that the poor are the best managers and protectors of forest resources if they are given usufruct rights on these resources. Proshika has introduced its group members in social forestry activities and provided them with credit and technical support, which contributed significantly to their self-sufficiency. The main components of social forestry programme of Proshika area. Homestead plantationb. Strip and engorge plantationc. Natural Forest security, andd. Nursery establishment.Proshika has planted 71 million seedlings which covered along 8,887 km strips, 37,662 areas of block plantation which included natural Sal forest protection throughout the country. One of the most significant contributors of Proshika to the development arena is the introduction of the concept of participatory forest management for natural forest protection.Proshika has successfully involved the forest dwellers in the Sal forest areas of Kaliakoir, Mirzapur, Shakhipur and Shreepur thanas under district of Tangail and Gazipur for the protection of coppice Sal forest by involving group members of Proshika. It has already been proved that when poor people surviving on the forest resources are organized, trained and granted usufruct rights, they present on enormous human potential needed for afforestation and forest protection.RDRS The Rangpur Dinajpur Rural operate operating in 28 thanas of greater Rangpur and Dinajpur districts covering 28 thanas. It is the largest International Integrated Rural Development NGOs operating in Northern Bangladesh for more than two decades. Its entry point in forestry was through road side plantation in 1977. Initially, seedlings were protected with bamboo cages. Situation has been changed a lot nowadays and protection of seedlings with bamboo cage has be come a part of history. Besides strip plantation, they also extend their tree plantation programme in homestead, institutional grounds as well as raising of local nurseries.With the assistance of WFP they have planted about 10.66 million trees under their participatory afforestation programme. TMSS It stands for Thangamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha. It is an NGO exclusively meant for women. Although, it was initiated in l976, its presence was visible only since 1965. This NGO be1ieves in the concept of simple living and high thinking. TMSS was also involved in the social forestry programme particularly in the Northern districts of Bangladesh. The organisation has been implementing both road side a nd farm forestry with assistance from the WFP and Swiss Development Corporation (SDC) respectively.POUSH Another NGO has been engaged in planting in the private lands also by persuading the owner farmers in Baroibari, Kaliakoir thana with the food aid from WFP. Its activities in the forestry field are limited to strip plantations and it plans to expand its programme extensively. Target groups of POUSH are mostly landless destitute, widow and divorced women. POUSH also happens to be the first of its kind to get involved in participatory forestry in the hill district of Bandarban.Problems and prospects of participatory forest managementConsidering the demand and supply situation for forest products to meet the economic and environmental needs, no one can deny the need of peoples participation in forestry. Probably there is no second answer except participatory forestry in developing, managing, and protecting the countrys forest land and the forest resource. But there are numbers of is sues remain unresolved.As a technical department, Forest Department is playing pioneer role in implementing and popularizing Participatory Forestry in the country. Up to this time Forest Department is managed by the professional foresters who have educational background only in managing traditional forests and who do not consider people as development partners. Participatory Forestry, if we recollect the Chinese proverb, needs mental development managers towards the people.Realization has started among the planners, policy makers, administrators and senior managers to involve people in forestry development activities. But up to this time Government has failed to adopt real Participatory Forestry programme to address the basic need of the peoples.Mobilization of the people in participatory forestry programme is another bottleneck of the Forest Department who has not had the machinery to reach the community people. NGOs who work at the grassroots level have developed their own expert to mobilize people and ensure their participation in any development programmes as partner. So NGO should be involved in the implementation of the participatory forestry programme where Forest Department should confine their activities only in technical aspect. In the context of Bangladesh, the scarcity of land is a most vital problem.On the other hand, Forest Department controlling over 16% of the total land area of the country is still hesitant to allow Participatory Forestry in reserved forest areas. According to FD, it should be confined only in public and private lands beyond reserved forest areas through these are liberal of trees. The Participatory Forestry is being practiced in marginal lands which are under administration control of other Government departments.Recently, due to pressure from planners and donor communities, Forest Department has allowed to practice participatory forestry in Sal Forest areas. Tenure of the contract was found as a bottleneck for implementing Participatory Forestry. Forest Department allowed rights of participants over these lands for a period of seven years, but there was a strong desire, that this tenure should more and at least for rotation period, so that participants can manage and protect trees till harvesting.A negative position was also observed among the Foresters to involve women in forestry activities. They viewed that activities of women should be confined in the areas where there is a locality apprehending the social problems. But in participatory forestry both men and women should be treated equally.Recommendations All slothful areas within existing forests which is about 50% of the total forest areas should be brought under tree cover immediately to make total forest areas 25%. Use of organic fertilizer should be encouraged to people as alternative use of fuel wood and burning of cow dung and agro residues should be reduced. The forest policy of 1994 needs a fundamental change to make participatory fores try approach as a core concept for social fencing against forest destruction and for poverty alleviation through income generation. An independent Forest Policy needs to be formulated to promote Participatory Forestry in the country. For implementing Participatory Forestry programme, Land as an input is to be ensured with authority. Preset land lease system is neither responsive nor effective for practicing Participatory Forestry in the country. Tenurial rights of land in-stead of land use right is to be given to the participants. To make effective participation of the people on a sustained basis, sufficient motivation is required and this responsibility must be given to the NGOs. Involvement of the groups in planning and decision making is to be ensured through proper policy directions. Provision should be made for giving subsistence to the participants so that they can survive and abide by confined their activities in the programme. A National forum where there will be representa tion all from Government politicians, NGOs and private sector. They will act as a coordination body to coordinate among all the participants like land owning agency, NGO, Forest Department and the participants. NGO should act as a catalyst and they should not be treated as a competitor of Forest Department. Process of recruiting NGOs by inviting tender for implementing any Participatory Forestry programme of the Government must be avoided. ADAB may be given the responsibility to identify the NGOs for a particular programme implementation. Major reforestation and afforestation programmes with community participation in a profit sharing basis and improvement in technology and management of plantation are required. Institutional capacity, policy and legal framework of forestry management should be strengthened. Forestry professiona1s should be trained in environmentally sound forestry. Implementation strategies for community management of forestry resources should be developed.Conclusi onBangladesh has a small land base and a large population. part under tree cover is small and shrinking. Some forest areas are located in outback(prenominal) areas. It is important that whatever area is for planting, should be brought under such practice in an organized fashion. through intensive manipulation of crops, it is to increase production per unit of land substantially. If such is the importance of forests, of trees, in the ecology and the economy of a country, and therefore in the lives of its people, it is very urgent to manage the resources.Traditionally, forest has remained the engage of only the forest department. A change of this attitude is essential and development, management and production of forest should become the function of the entire population of the country, not only for ensuring improved supply of wood but also for the maintenance of a quality environment.

Speech Social Media Essay Example for Free

Speech societal Media EssayAssalamualaikum and Good evening Puan Wan Narmi Aziana Wan Abdullah our lecturer and my lovely friends. My name is Noor Adibah Binti Abdul Hamid. The reason why Im standing here beca character I would like to tell about the advantages and disadvantages of Social Media. initial of all, I would like tell you what is amicable media. Social media is the fond interaction among people in which they create, allot or exchange tuition and ideas in practical(prenominal) communities and networks. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as a assort of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2. 0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content. call up of regular media as a one-way street where you washbowl read a bare-assspaper or listen to a report on television, but you produce very limited ability to moderate your thoughts on the matter. Social media, on the ot her hand, is a two-way street that gives you the ability to communicate too. hither I will give 3 advantages of social media much(prenominal) as worldwide connectivity, real-time information sacramental manduction and free advertising.1. Worldwide ConnectivityNo matter if you are searching for that former college roommate, your first pit teacher, or an international friend, there is no easier or faster way to sacrifice a connectedness than via the social network. Although giftbook, Twitter, LinkedIn and MySpace are probably the most well agnizen social networking communities, there are new websites popping up regularly that are dedicated to allowing people to connect and to interact via the Internet. Through such sites, individuals make new friends or business connections or extend their personal base by connecting and interacting with friends of friends and so forth. These connections can help one with a variety of things such asFinding romance pursuance a new jobLocating as sistanceGetting and giving product and service referralsReceiving acquit from like-minded individualsMaking or receiving advice on career or personal issuesIn many ways, social communities are the virtual equivalent of meeting at the general store or at church service socials to exchange news and get updated on friends and families. Snail mail pen pals have been replaced by virtual avatars and private messages sent via the social network.2. Real-Time Information SharingMany social networking sites incorporate an present moment messaging feature, which means you can exchange information in real-time via a chat. This is a groovy feature for teachers to use to facilitate classroom discussions. A study by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation shows these networks can be used as military forceive vehicles for students to pursue self-paced online learning. In addition, the Internet is the ultimate online textbook. Students no protracted need to take out six library books at a time. Much of what they need to know they can find online. School is not the only setting where this type of real-time information sharing can be beneficial. Social networking can provide a tool for managers to utilize in squad meetings, for conference organizers to use to update attendees and for business people to use as a means of interacting with clients or prospects.3. Free AdvertisingWhether you are non-profit organization who needs to get the word out about your approaching fundraiser or a business owner marketing a new product or service, theres no better way to get your message in front of millions of people 24/7. The best recess is it that you can spread the word through social networking profiles for free. You can promote one product, service or idea or many because you are limited only by the amount of time you offer to invest in the endeavor.Theres also a disadvantages of social media such as give to face connections are endangered, insecurity of fraud or ide ntity theft and time waster.1. Face to Face Connections are EndangeredA huge advantage of these social communities has a reverse side effect thatis also a big disadvantage of social networking they reduce or eliminate face-to-face socialization. Because of the self-direction afforded by the virtual world, individuals are free to create a fantasy persona and can postulate to be someone else. It is hard to say no, be rude, or ignore someone when you are expression them in the eye. Its incredibly easy and quick to unfriend or unfollow someone or simply block their efforts to make a connection. Just one click of the mouse and your problems are over.Unfortunately, this feature of online socialization cheats people of the fortune to learn how to resolve conflicts in the world outside the Internet and it could retard or cripple ones social skills developments. Tweens and teens are at higher risk because those years are when they are learning to interact with others or build and maintai n relationships. A report from the National School Boards Association shows that of the children in these age groups that use a social network, 41 pct surpass their time posting messages. They are not consumption this time in face-to-face interactions with their peers or others nor are they developing the necessary social skills for future success.2. Risks of trick or Identity TheftWhether you like it or not, the information you post on the Internet is uncommitted to almost anyone who is clever enough to access it. Most thieves need just a few brisk pieces of personal information to make your life a nightmare and if they successfully steal your identity, it could cost you dearly. A report on CNET reveals over 24 million Americans put their personal information at risk by posting it on public sites such as social communities.3. Time WasterA Nielsen report explains that social networking can be a big waste of time that sucks 17 percent of our Internet time down the non-productivi ty drain. While it is true that some of that time is likely spent in making and maintaining important business, social or professional connections, it is also true that it is easy to become confuse and end up spending valuable time on games, chats or other non-related activities. Dorie Clark of the Huffington Post reports Facebook users spend about six hours each monthon the site, while social networkers spend three time as much time on those communities as they do on other online activities like email. finaleBecause networking in online social communities is still a relatively young online trend, whether or not social networking is prejudicial is still unknown. Like any other type of networking or social club with which individuals become involved, it is a good idea to do your homework and make sure that you know what you are getting into. earn the terms of use, the rules and regulations, and be clear on issues like security and privacy. Take responsibility for your own safegu ard and integrity and never join something just because it is trendy or all your friends are doing it. In evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of social networking, its best to err on the side of caution and information. After all, the lack of both can have a devastating effect.REFERENCES1. Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael (2010). Users of the world, unite The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons 53 (1). p. 61.doi10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003. 2. Kietzmann, Jan Kristopher Hermkens (2011). Social media? Get serious instinct the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons54 241251. doi10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005. 3. file///F/Social%20media%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.html 4. file///F/What%20Is%20Social%20Media%20%20-%20Definition%20and%20Examples.html 5. file///F/Advantages%20and%20Disadvantages%20of%20Social%20Networking.html

Geggus, David Patrick. Haitian revolutionary studies. Essay Example for Free

Geggus, David Patrick. Haitian revolutionary studies. Essayafter the 1695 Ryswick Treaty between France and Spain, France took control of St. Domingue (Willie 2001, p 36). The sanctioned rights bestowed upon the french gave them the jurisdictional capacity to reign over the western region of Hispaniola. Government officials from France took care of the administrative and governing bodies of St. Domingue. The Ryswick Treaty paved way for the cut to colonize St. Domingue and take preeminence in almost every fundamental aspect of the region. The favorable, economicalalal and policy-making realms of the people of St. Domingue were largely defined by the French colonial systems in place (Willie 2001, p 36). The weighty colonial systems of the French in St. Domingue guide to a stratified mixer system, dividing the people into well-disposed classes.The Les Grand Blancs were the superior whites who consisted of the planters and royal officials of the settlement. The Les Petit Blanc, considered as the lowest convention of whites consisted of the artisans, shopkeepers and bookkeepers in St. Domingue. By 1789, the total umber of whites in St. Domingue was 30, 000. The Mulattoes or assu get on with coloreds, numbering 28,000 by 1789, consisted of children fathered by white French men with black women (Willie, 2012, p 38). Emancipation of the free coloreds gave them an opportunity to own slaves as their white counterparts. They possessed one third of the real estate in St. Domingue. The slaves, who numbered 450, 000 by 1789 were the least in the complaisant ladder (Ghachem 2003, p 4 Willie 2001, p 38). They literally owned nothing and were devoid of every degree of liberty compared to the other social classes.The social stratification structure in St. Domingue resulted into social, economic and political disparities that constantly caused friction among the social classes in the social ladder. Every social class sought to endorse its rights and gra nting immunitys the quest for justice and liberty was deeply engraved in each of the social classes (Geggus 2002, p 14). A critical analysis of the perceived economic and social injustices experienced by the themes is ultimately significant in understanding the causes and aims of the St. Domingue Revolution. Indeed, a critical evaluation of the social ladder in the French closure is exigent in comprehending the causes and aims of the St. Domingue Revolution from 1791-1804.The economic demography of St. Domingue in the posthumous 18th century One cannot speak about the St. Domingue Revolution (1791-1804) without expounding on the economic demography of the then, largest French colony. Dominated by husbandry and trading relations, the French colony was indeed export motivated. The colonial economy maximized on sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo plantations. The colony had 3000 coffee plantations, 800 sugar plantations, 800 cotton plantations and 2950 indigo plantations (Willie 2001, p 36). The expansive plantations placed St. Domingue strategically among the French colonies in fact, it was the richest plantation colony of the French. The second half of the 18th century saw St. Domingue expand to scram the largest exporter of coffee and sugar in the world this placed France at a strategic place in the world economy (Willie 2001, p 36).The increased growth and demand in the colonial economy in St. Domingue triggered the colonialists to continually restructure the plantation systems. A constant increase in the number of slaves in the colony by the colonialists fueled the destabilization of the social balance in St. Domingue. In a bid to get a robust and thriving colonial agricultural economy, the colonialists subjected the slaves into gravid labor, which consequently eroded their state of freedom and liberties. The lowest social class in the French colony experienced social and economic deficiencies that exacerbated their forgetful living standards. The poor living standards meant that the mortality rate of the slaves, sky- rocketed and necessitated the capture of more slaves for the further expansion of the colonial economy. The complicated economy in late century St. Domingue saw an increase in the number of slaves, which led to slave insurrections prior to 1791(Marsh and Nicola 2011, p 21). The desire of the slaves to attain freedom and liberty precipitated the St. Domingue revolution that historians claim changed the landscape painting of world affairs, and contributed to the demise of slavery. Hence, the social imbalance created by the economic demography of St. Domingue led to the inception of the revolution.The economic and social disparities of the social groups Economic and social disparities were at the height of the causes and aims of the St. Domingue revolution (Geggus 2002 p 14). The social classes a beneficial deal clashed with one another in a bid to secure their social, economic and political justices. However , this was not an voiced endeavor hence, precipitating repeated crises that brought social and economic imbalances in the colony. The colonial masters sought to introduce the colonys economic valor, and for this to happen, the relentless friction among the social clashes continued inevitably. Certainly, the social ladder triggered disparities that heightened the imbalances in the colony.The Les Grant Blancs who were born in the colony expressed feelings of discontent against the whites born from France, their motherland. The whites from France took charge of the most all important(predicate) government offices in the colony. The whites born in the colony (creoles) expressed dissatisfaction because they wanted to participate effectively in the government (Geggus 2002, p 6). The inability of the Les Grant Blancs to have a greater shore leave in the streamlet of the colonial administration affected their social post in the colony. The group perceived that being on top of the soci al ladder deemed it right to have autonomy over the affairs of the colony. The planters and wealthy members of the group perceived that the ceremonial positions they were given in the assembly was not tantamount to their social status. The reduction of their status to minor aristocrats precipitated their desire to command more grounding against the European-born colonialists. As a result, there was a social struggle and imbalance as the group sought to gain the legal rights of controlling the colony.The Les Grant Blancs also wanted to have the freedom of consider. As the plantation owners, they wanted to have more economic autonomy from the proceeds of their produce. Apparently, the colonialists controlled the produce from the island, which was its major asset because of the strategic economic benefits associated with it. The French government introduced the Exclusive trade system, which ensured that the control of goods had to come exclusively from France. Moreover, the high taxa tion levied on the colony did not auger rise with the group. The white plantation owners continually sought to have economic independence from the French government and the colonial administrators. The economic struggles between the Les Grant Blancs and the royal French colonial administrators brought economic imbalances that often threatened the consolidation of the groups. The white planters saw that the economic advances were creating injustices that needed to be addressed. According to Willie (2001, p 39), the Les Grant Blancs believed that the colony officials belittled St. Domingues resources. Therefore, the plantation owners and members of the assembly constantly attacked the executive officials from France. It was widely acknowledged that the wealth of the French colonies was in the beginning meant to benefit France, but not the colonies. This brought mixed reactions in the colony, with the superior whites advocating for the abolishment of heavy taxes and a greater contr ol of the colonys trade relations.The Les Petit Blanc consisting of poor white men did not have good relations with their rich counterparts. The social disparities between the two groups caused sharp conflicts that often resulted into physical violence. The Les Petit Blanc did not equivalent the fact that their rich counterparts had immense wealth, which they could only imagine. The privileges that the Les Grant Blancs wassailed created a stratified social structure that do the Les Petit Blanc inferior. The Mulattoes or free coloreds were also inferior to the wealthy planters and civil officers. The interaction between the poor whites and the Mulattoes as well as the slaves made the rich whites to perceive them as less important in the economic status of the colony. The economic and social superiority of the rich whites resulted into strained relationships between them and the Les Petit Blancs. Undoubtedly, the strained relationships stemmed from the economic and social dispariti es of the colonys structure.Of importance still, is the relationship between the whites and the Mulattoes/ free coloureds. The disparities between the social classes came because of the economic and social characteristics of the Mulattoes. The free coloureds were seen as extremely ambitious and a threat to the social and economic potency of the whites. They were strong and showed great prospects of social mobility and capacity to compete with the whites. Additionally, most of the Mulattoes were highly educated hence, posing challenges to the plethoric whites. The whites did not like the fast-rising nature of the free coloureds they wanted them to remain inferior to them and settle at the undersurface of the social class ladder. The social and economic disparities between the groups caused numerous conflicts that destabilized the power of the colonial administration. Due to the huge stoop of the Mulattoes/free coloureds, the colonial legislature introduced strict laws to limit th eir influence (James 1963, p 97). The enacted laws forbade them from holding reality office, joining the colonial army, wearing European clothes, organizing social functions, marrying whites and residing in France. They were also forced to work for free for a certain number of days per year, according to the French law. The free coloureds were economically and socially disadvantaged of their rights because of their race and their prospects of social mobility. The Mulattoes did not agree with the social and economic injustices committed against them hence, they sought to find for their rights (Ott 1987, p 67). These factors caused tensions between the whites and the Mulattoes and consequently led to the intense fighting between the groups in 1791.The slaves, majorly from African origin were subjected to hard labor and deprivation of their rights as humans. They were the lowest in the social ladder, and yielded nothing in respect to their social and economic statuses. They experience d harsh conditions subjected to them by the superiors. The economic and social disparities between them and the other groups denied them the opportunity to enjoy their rights and dignity. In 1791, as the Les Blancs, Les Petit Blanc and free coloureds were fighting one another because of the prevalent social and economic disparities, the slaves maximized on the opportunity to start revolts in St. Domingue (James 1963, p 110). The slaves, favored by their numbers, fought against the whites and free coloureds because of the torments they faced as inferiors in St. Domingue. Undeniably, the social and economic disparities among the social classes in the colony contributed greatly in the St. Domingue Revolution.The resolving power of Rights of Men The Declaration of Rights of Men of 1789 was an instrumental document of the French Revolution in the expression of human rights. The document contend a vital role in the establishment of the fundamental human rights that have continued to influence the modern world. In the wake of the French Revolution, there was need for setting up of laws that recognized the grassroots human rights and the equality of all people before the law. The declaration came at a time when rights and liberties were highly violated at the merit of a few. The French Revolution sought to fight for liberty, equality and connection rights (Manigat 1977, p 420).Certainly, the Declaration of the Rights of Men played a dominant role in the start of St. Domingue Revolution. After the document brought the realization of human rights and universal laws in France, the social classes in St. Domingue sought to fight for their rights and privileges in a highly stratified colony. The Les Blancs wanted the right to makes laws, the abolishment of trading restrictions from France and wanted to have social equality with the French whites. They also wanted the scrubbing off, of royal bureaucracies in St. Domingue. The Declaration of the Rights of Men shake th e free coloureds to fight for social and political rights and the abolishment of discrimination. On the other hand, the slaves fought for their personal freedom from the oppression by the other social classes. Based on the discussion above, it is worth noting that the Declaration of the Rights of Men godly the St. Domingue Revolution.Conclusion In conclusion, it is notable to assert that the St. Domingue Revolution (1791-1804) was because of various factors. Social and economic disparities in the colony were a major factor in the start of the revolt that certainly ended slavery in the island. The social classes that lived in St. Domingue often clashed in respect to the economic and social factors defining them. The deprivation of rights and liberties among the social groups led to conflicts that often turned physical. The need for economic and social rights and the quest for justice in the late 18th century St. Domingue led to a successful slave revolt that resulted into the bi rth of the nation of Haiti. As historians put it, the St. Domingue Revolution was significant in defining the history of European colonialism. Indeed, the upheaval is significant in understanding the history of French imperialism.ReferencesGeggus, David Patrick. Haitian revolutionary studies. Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press, 2002.Ghachem, Malick W. hard workerry and citizenship in the age of the Atlantic revolutions. Alfred, N.Y. Alfred University, 2003. Print. Ghachem, Malick W. The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print.James, C. L. R. Parliament and Property. In The Black Jacobins Toussaint LOuverture and the San Domingo Revolution. Second Ed. New York time of origin Books, 1963Willie, Doris. Renaissance and Revolt. In Lest you forget a study and revision guide for CXC Caribbean History. Kingston, Jamaica Jamaica Pub. House, 2001. 38-65Manigat, Leslie F. The Relationship between Marronage and Slave Revolts and Revolution In St. Domingue-Haiti. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 292, no. 1 Comparative P (1977) 420-438.Marsh, Kate, and Nicola Frith. Frances alienated empires fragmentation, nostalgia, and la fracture coloniale. Lanham, Md. Lexington Books, 2011.Ott, Thomas O. The Haitian revolution, 1789-1804. 1st ed. Knoxville University of Tennessee Press, 1987.Source document

Psychological Perspectives for Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Psychological Perspectives for Health and Social C are EssayPsychologists uses a range of sides and liftes when studying how individuals think, feel and be pay off. Some researchers whitethorn focus on cardinal specific perspective, whilst new(prenominal) researchers study a more(prenominal) diverse come on that may incorporate multiple points of views. Each perspective aims to offer explanations for different aspects of human behaviour.The behaviourist approachs influence to health careThe behaviourist approach is based on the concept of explaining behaviour with observation and the belief in which our surround is what causes us to behave differently. The behavioural learning model learning is the result of conditioning. The foundation of conditioning is that a reward following a suitable resolution performs as a reinforcer and increases the possibility that the desirable response will be repeated. Reinforcement is said to be the core of the behaviourist approach. Fu rthermore, once a desired behaviour established, irregular reinforcement maintains the behaviour. The behaviourist conjecture approaches are frequently apply in weight loss, smoking cessation, assertiveness training and anxiety-reduction programs. The signifi preemptce of frequently and consistently rewarding desired behaviour immediately and not rewarding undesirable behaviour is crucial to the mastery of a behaviourist approach to learning.The principles of classical conditioning have been applied in many therapies. As its name suggests, behavioural therapy is think on human behaviour and looks to eliminate unwanted or abnormal behaviour. Typic all in ally this type of therapy is employ for those with behavioural problems or mental health conditions that involve unwanted behaviour. Examples of this include addictions, anxiety, and methodical desensitization for phobias, abuse therapy and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Practiti integrityrs of behavioural therapy believe that behaviour is learned and coffin nail therefore be un-learned through therapy. As well as the behaviouritself, behavioural therapists will look at thoughts and feelings that lead to the behaviour or occur as a result of the behaviour to comprehend the issue at a greater take aim.Aversion therapy is a form of interference that utilizes behavioural principles to eliminate unwanted behaviour as it follows, if all behaviour is learned it can be forgeted. In this therapeutic method, the unwanted input signal is repeatedly paired with discomfort. The objective of the conditioning process is to command that the individual associates the stimulus with unpleasant or awkward sensations. There are many reasons why behaviour could perhaps be unlearned this could be payable to behaviour in which is destructive or undesirable. These undesirable behaviours come about as individuals associate them with diversion the brain learns that, such as, drinking may relinquish one to feel rela xed a lowers stress levels. This is slightly fine, up to now if one becomes reliant on the substance and it begins to take a dominant part in ones life then this has become an undesirable behaviour. It is ones choice to unlearn that alcohol equals pleasure.Aversion therapy goes about eliminating this behaviour by attempting to break the connexion between alcohol and pleasure. The therapy, in the case of alcoholism, involves the patient drinking while together having a negative stimulus directed. The negative stimulus could be an emetic drug (one that causes the patient to vomit when drinking alcohol) such as an emetic drug, one that encouraging vomiting when alcohol is consumed like disulfiram (a synthetic compound used in the treatment of alcoholics to make drinking alcohol produce unpleasant after-effects), or an electric shock administered whenever the patient drinks.In short, then he patient is punished for drinking and, for the same reason a parent punishes a child, a succes sful outcome is to reduce or completely eliminate their undesirable behaviour.The cognitive approachs influence to health careCognitive therapy for depression has its roots in the cognitive conjecture of depression (Beck, 1967). It is an active, structured, problem-focused, andtime-limited approach to treatment which is based on the premise that depression is maintained by negatively biased information processing and dys berthal beliefs. Treatment is designed to help patients learn to think more adaptively and thereby experience improvements in affect, motivation, and behaviour. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy for depression has been demonstrated in over 30 clinical trials (Dobson, 1989).The general approach in cognitive therapy for depression involves guiding patients through a telephone number of structured learning experiences. Patients are taught to monitor and write d testify their negative thoughts and mental images to recognize the association between their thoughts, feelings, physiology, and behaviour. They learn to evaluate the validity and utility of these cognitions, test them out empirically, and change dysfunctional cognitions to consider a more adaptive viewpoint.As therapy progresses, patients learn to identify, evaluate, and veer underlying assumptions and dysfunctional beliefs that may have predisposed them to depressive reactions. The therapist also teaches (or reactivates) adaptive coping skills such as breaking down macroscopic problems into smaller, more manageable steps, and decision-making by cost-benefit analysis. Activity scheduling, self-monitoring of mastery and pleasure, and graded task assignments are commonly used early in therapy to help patients overcome inertia and expose themselves to potentially rewarding experiences.Patients typically charter approximately eight sessions to gain a reasonable level of mastery with the model and the skills involved. A hearty reduction in symptoms often occurs during this initial stage of therapy. The remaining sessions are used to evaluate and modify dysfunctional beliefs that impair functioning and make the patient vulnerable to future depressive episodes, realise relapse taproom skills, and discuss termination issues. According to my research, many patients show a remission of symptoms in 8-12 sessions. A wax course of treatment is considered to be 14-16 sessions although severe cases can take longer. Maintenance of treatment gains is enhanced by occasional booster sessions during the first year after ones termination.The humanistic approachs influence to health careHumanist learning theorists view learning as a function of the whole person and believe that learning cannot take place unless both the cognitive and affective domains are involved. The individuals capacity for self-determination is a vital segment of the humanist theory. For example, the humanist theory is used to help post myocardial infarction (a syndrome that involves the inflammation o f the sac surrounding the heart) patients regain a sense of personal control over their health care management.The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self of one individual which translates into you, and your perception of your individual experiences. This approach argues that one is free to choose his own behaviour, rather than responding to surroundal stimuli and reinforcers. Issues dealing with ones self-esteem, self-fulfilment, and requirements are seen as dominant. The key focus is to take care ones personal bumpment. Two major theorists associated with this view are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.All patients grow with success and do better when achievements are recognized and reinforced. Respecting the whole person in a supportive environment can encourage learning. Learning is also fostered through structuring information abstractly and presenting it in meaningful segments with appropriate feedback.There are a vast variety of conditions that should be encounte red before an individual can take on on becoming self-actualized. According to the needs hierarchy described by Abraham Maslow, individuals must first touch on their basic organismic needs (including adequate food, clothing and shelter necessary to keep them alive). Having achieved the essentials, they next build up and work to achieve a feeling of adequate safety, a sense of belonging (to one or more loving groups and relationship), and a sense of self-respect and social respect. Self-actualization, the drive for one to do all that he desires to do with his life, is something that only occurs as a influence of behaviour after all the earlier needs are adequately satisfied and a secernate of contented happiness is achieved.For instance, the media ca-ca unrealistic, and for most individualsunattainable ideal image, especially for women and adolescent girls. The majority of models exposed publicly are greatly below the normal weight for their age and height.In the humanistic visi on, human dysfunctions are caused by a faulty or interrupted development process essentially human issues regarding to immaturity, or commonly of the social/emotional variety. The aim of humanistic therapy is to promote social or emotional maturity and growth. Through assisting value users to resume their disrupted developmental processes in healthy directions, patients are helped by professionals in order to grow up and out the of the immature mental and emotional states that contribute to the pain one may feel or cause pain upon others.The psychodynamic approach to health careAnxiety is a feeling of worry, extreme nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. The condition gives of an uncomfortable feeling of alarm or an approaching disaster and could perhaps negatively reflects the thoughts and bodily reactions an individual may encounter when presented with a situation that is unable to be managed. When an individual experiences the feelings of anxiety, the ir thoughts may often actively assess the different situations without by design doing so the individual may too develop predictions of how they will cope founded on past experiences. disrespect the fact that some anxiety is a normal response to difficult and stressful circumstances, whereas the anxiety level is abnormally high an individual may lack the awareness of how to effectively control the issue.Anxiety can take many forms, and several of these may consist of An intense physical response due to the stimulus of the nervous system leading to the physical symptoms (which may involve the racing of a heartbeat). A cognitive response referring to the thought about the issue and the individuals ability to manage with it. Those which encounter the condition of anxiety may often feel negative about most situations and think unenthusiastic thoughts. A behavioural response which could consist avoidance or unusual behaviour including aggression, restlessness orirrational behaviour. A n emotion response reflecting the high level of distress the individual is confronted with.There is just not one cause of anxiety, however there are a number of factors that could contribute to the development of anxious thoughts, feelings and behaviour. The many factors comprise of transmissible many research has suggested that those with a family history of anxiety are more likely to also develop anxiety.Biochemical reasons Research suggests that individuals who experience a high level of anxiety may have an asymmetry of chemicals in the brain that regulate feelings and physical reactions.Certain life experiences Particular life experiences can allow individuals more vulnerable to anxiety. Events such as a family break-up, abuse, ongoing bullying, and/or workplace conflict can be stress factors that challenge a persons coping resources and leave them in a vulnerable state to experiencing anxiety.https//www.psychology.org.au/publications/tip_sheets/anxiety/ ReferencesEuromed In fo Online useable fromhttp//www.euromedinfo.eu/behavioral-cognitive-humanist-approaches.html/ (Date accessed 19/01/15)Cognitive-behavioural approaches and weight management an overview. (2000) Online Available from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10918780 (Date accessed 19/01/15)Cognitive Therapy for depression Online Available fromhttp//www.apa.org/divisions/div12/rev_est/cog_depr.html (Date accessed 19/01/15)What Is Aversion Therapy? (2015) Online Available fromhttp//psychology.about.com/od/typesofpsychotherapy/f/aversion-therapy.htm(Date accessed 09/02/15DEPRESSION MAJOR DEPRESSION unipolar VARIETIES (2015) Online Available from http//www.swamh.com/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=9714cn=5 (Date accessed 09/02/15)Humanistic Approach (2015) Online Available fromhttp//www.psychologistworld.com/issues/humanistic-approach.php Date accessed 09/02/15 Theory in Humanistic psychological science Online Available fromhttp//www.depression-guide.com/humanistic-psychology-therapy.htm Date acce ssed 11/02/15 Psychotherapy (2015) Online Available fromhttp//www.gulfbend.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=10441 Date accessed 11/02/15Aversion Therapy Alcoholism Drug Therapy (2013) Online Available from http//www.the-alcoholism-guide.org/aversion-therapy.html Date accessed 11/02/15